What type of external costs do cars impose on the environment and society in general?

1.What type of external costs do cars impose on the environment and society in general?
2.What actions does the Australian government take to reduce the external costs generated by cars on the environment?
3.Several studies have tried to put a dollar value on the external costs generated by cars. Find one of these studies and summarise its conclusions.
4.In Singapore in order to own a large car, a purchaser has to bid for and pay for a Certificate of Entitlement (COE) to own a car. Thailand is moving to anew automotive excise regime based on CO2 emissionswhich is expected to take effect on January 1, 2016. Why have these governments decided to do this?
5.Write a brief answer between 250 and 500 words – on whether you think that motorists should be made to pay higher taxes or higher petrol prices in order to reflect the damage that cars impose on the economy. Should some car owners pay higher taxes than others? Explain why or why not.