Explain what Miller meant by lower-class focal concerns. 7.4: Compare and contrast community opportunities as seen by Cloward and Ohlin and how they contribute to gang activity.

 No more$10 Write a three page Review () on chapters 7 and 8. Your review may include all aspects of the learning objectives or some partial selected areas of the learning objectives below.    Chapter 7:  Subculture Theories Learning Objectives  7.1: Discuss what is meant by a subculture. 7.2: Describe Cohen’s view of gang behavior and how it forms. 7.3: Explain what Miller meant by lower-class focal concerns. 7.4:  Compare and contrast community opportunities as seen by Cloward and Ohlin and how they contribute to gang activity. 7.5:  Discuss some of the programs designed to offset the negative influences of gangs in inner cities.   Chapter 8: Labeling Theory Learning Objectives 8.1: Explain what is meant by retrospective interpretation. 8.2: Describe labeling as both a conflict and a process theory. 8.3: Define the concept of master status and what it means for rehabilitation. 8.4: Distinguish between Lemert’s view of primary and secondary deviance. 8.5: Discuss the link between societal reaction and labeling.