Define and describe the high-stakes attached to high-stakes testing from the book:”Collateral Damage How High-Stakes Testing Corrupts Americas Schools”

From the book “Collateral Damage How High-Stakes Testing Corrupts Americas Schools” and must be turned into turnitin.com

Prompt from the professor:
First, define and describe the high-stakes attached to high-stakes testing. Nichols and Berliner are arguing that the high stakes consequences are pressures that led to detrimental effects on the process of education, teachers, and students.

Second, explain how, according to Nichols and Berliner, these high-stakes pressures lead to a narrowing of the curriculum and scripting of instruction. You will need to explain what narrowing of the curriculum means and entails. You also need to explain what scripting instruction means and entails.

Third, how do these pressures impact teacher and student morale? How so and why so?

Fourth, how do these pressures led educators to cheat? Now, here, you will need to explain the range of cheating with concrete examples. How and why do teachers cheat before the test, during the test, and after the test? How do administrators manipulate the test-taking pool of students to the benefit of the school? How do school districts and state departments of education manipulate drop-out and graduation data? What does all this cheating suggest about the validity and reliability of the data generated by which we measure our progress towards raising student achievement, reducing drop-out rates, and increasing graduation rates?

Fifth, in light of your reading Collateral Damage, do you think that high-stakes testing will lead to equity and equality in education? You will want to explain why or why not.

Be as concrete with examples and as thorough in explanation as possible.